Types of Gynaecological Cancer

1. Cervical Cancer

• Originates in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus.
• Commonly caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).

2. Ovarian Cancer
• Develops in the ovaries, responsible for producing eggs.
• Includes epithelial, germ cell, and stromal cell cancers.

3. Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
• Starts in the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
• Often linked to hormonal imbalances.

4. Vaginal Cancer
• Rare cancer that begins in the vaginal lining.

5. Vulvar Cancer
• Affects the external genitalia, primarily the vulva.

6. Fallopian Tube Cancer
• Extremely rare and usually associated with ovarian cancer.

Causes and Risk Factors

1. General Risk Factors

Family history of gynaecological cancers.

Aging, especially for ovarian and endometrial cancers.

Obesity, leading to hormonal imbalances.

2. Specific Risk Factors

Cervical Cancer: Persistent HPV infection, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking.

Ovarian Cancer: BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations, infertility, late menopause.

Endometrial Cancer: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormone replacement therapy (HRT), diabetes.

Vaginal/Vulvar Cancer: HPV infection, chronic irritation, smoking.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary depending on the type and stage of cancer but may include:

1. Cervical Cancer:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause).

Watery or bloody vaginal discharge.

2. Ovarian Cancer:

Bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, feeling full quickly.

Urinary urgency or frequency

3. Endometrial Cancer:

Postmenopausal bleeding.

Pelvic pain.

4. Vaginal and Vulvar Cancer:

Itching, pain, or bleeding in the genital area.

A lump or sore that doesn’t heal.

Diagnosis

1. Screening and Early Detection

Pap Smear Test: For detecting cervical cancer or precancerous changes.

HPV Testing: Identifies high-risk HPV strains.

2. Diagnostic Tests

Ultrasound: Detects abnormalities in ovaries or uterus.

Biopsy: Confirms cancer through tissue examination.

CT/MRI Scans: Assesses cancer spread.

CA-125 Blood Test: A marker for ovarian cancer.

Staging of Gynaecological Cancer

Cancer staging determines the extent of the disease:

Stage I: Limited to the organ of origin.

Stage II: Spread to nearby structures.

Stage III: Spread to regional lymph nodes or surrounding tissues.

Stage IV: Distant metastasis to other organs

Prevention

1. Vaccination and Screening

• HPV Vaccine: Protects against high-risk HPV strains.
• Regular Pap smears and HPV tests.
2. Healthy Lifestyle Choices
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
3. Genetic Counseling
• For women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer.
4. Awareness of Symptoms
• Early detection is key to better outcomes.